![]() ![]() Having eight 3d electrons and two 4s electrons is much less energetically stable than ten 3d electrons and no 4s electrons. ![]() When d-block elements lose electrons, they lose the highest energy s electrons first, which in the case of zinc are the two 4s electrons. For the d-block elements, the outermost s-sublevel has higher energy than the d-sublevel, which is contrary to what the Aufbau diagram indicates. Therefore, any remaining subatomic particles must be uncharged, so as to not upset this established charge balance. Zinc is a d-block element, also known as a transition element. In order to account for the neutral charge of an atom as a whole, the number of positively-charged protons and negatively-charged electrons found within an atom must be equal. The #"Zn"^(2+)# ion has lost two electrons, which leaves it with 30 protons and 28 electrons. A neutral atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons, so a neutral atom of zinc would have 30 electrons. X 12, 021027 (2022).The atomic number of zinc is 30, which means that all zinc atoms have 30 protons in their nuclei. Jenkins et al., “Ytterbium nuclear-spin qubits in an optical tweezer array,” Phys. Ma et al., “Universal gate operations on nuclear spin qubits in an optical tweezer array of 1 7 1 Yb atoms,” Phys. Marric Stephens is a Corresponding Editor for Physics Magazine based in Bristol, UK. Thompson says that the nuclear spin sublevels of 1 7 1 Yb atoms have been predicted to offer an especially effective method of quantum error correction. Kaufman thinks that, eventually, physicists will be able to exploit the varied energy structures of different atoms to implement quantum computers that are scalable and that can be used in diverse applications such as metrology. Thompson’s team, meanwhile, demonstrates a two-qubit gate operation using pairs of adjacent 1 7 1 Yb atoms.Īlthough neutral-atom quantum computers have not yet been explored as thoroughly as other platforms, recent advances in atom-manipulation techniques mean that they are catching up. In addition, Kaufman’s group demonstrates that a ten-by-ten atomic lattice can be loaded with 1 7 1 Yb atoms rapidly, with few defects, and then cooled to nearly absolute zero for high-fidelity qubit manipulations. ![]() Both teams show that 1 7 1 Yb atoms can be cooled and trapped using optical tweezers and that the nuclear spins of 1 7 1 Yb atoms can be initialized, manipulated using optical or radio-frequency fields, and measured. But unlike 8 7 Sr atoms, 1 7 1 Yb atoms have a nuclear spin of 1/2, making it easier to manipulate spin-state qubits made from this isotope. Like 8 7 Sr atoms, the spin states of 1 7 1 Yb atoms are robust to perturbation by the optical trap. In their demonstrations, Thompson, Kaufman, and their respective teams used ytterbium-171 ( 1 7 1 Yb) atoms. This possibility has been demonstrated in strontium-87 ( 8 7 Sr), but the multiple spin states of this isotope’s large nuclear spin make it difficult to use to implement a simple two-level qubit. As an alternative, physicists have experimented with alkaline-earth atoms, which can store information more robustly in their nuclear spin states. Alkali-metal atoms have a drawback, however: the electronic spin states used to store quantum information can be corrupted by the light field used for trapping the atoms. So far, most neutral-atom experiments have used alkali metals, for which the necessary trapping and cooling techniques are highly advanced. Neutral-atom qubits store information in their spin states. NEUTRAL-ATOM ACCELERATORS SCALING MEV ENERGIES Accelerating neutral atoms, contrary to laser-based as well as conventional particle accelerators. The qubit’s properties allow it to robustly store and manipulate quantum information. Grey dashed lines of various styles indicate different neutral atom populations, such as the ISN flow (ANAs), Ribbon ENAs, secondary IS neutral atoms. Now, Thompson and his colleagues, and Adam Kaufman at JILA in Colorado and his colleagues, have demonstrated a new kind of qubit for neutral-atom quantum computers. Thompson’s claim is backed up by the diversity of systems that have recently achieved significant milestones, such as quantum computers based on superconducting circuits, optical interferometers, trapped ions, and neutral atoms (see Viewpoint: Quantum Leap for Quantum Primacy, Synopsis: The Smallest Quantum Computer Yet, and Synopsis: Neutral-Atom Quantum Computers Are Back in the Race). According to Jeff Thompson, a physicist at Princeton University, now is an exciting time for quantum computing, as many different quantum-computing platforms have reached large system sizes and can perform high-fidelity operations. ![]()
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